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Concept Mapping - Learning Skills Programme How to read a paper - Trish Greenhalgh Psychosocial Assessment - Deliberate Self Harm, this should identify motives for the act, and those associated problems which are potentially amenable to intervention such as psychological or social problems, mental disorder, alcohol or substance misuse. REFERENCE:- Document 122448 NHS CRD Psychosocial interventions following suicide attempt Prevention / Treatment - specific interventions Psychiatric management of poor compliance with after-care Guaranteed in-patient shelter Psychosocial crisis intervention Cognitive - behavioural treatment Conclusions - only cognitive - behavioural therapy appeared to significantly reduce incidence of repeated suicide attempts. REFERENCE:- Document 122817 NHS CRD |
Mental Health Information Centre. eMJA. The Medical Journal of Australia Journal of the Australian Medical Association. Scientific Concepts in Mental Health Nursing - Deborah Klaas Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Mental Health Nursing Resources Elements in the Report - Management of Severe Mental Illness in Hospital and in the Community. - Research Training and Practice; & Research relating Nursing Education Online Resources to issues in the care of the severely mentally ill. - Psychological Management Techniques. - Ethics of Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy. - Family Interventions - Case Management Nursing Resources Northern Ireland |
World Wide Web Resources for Mental Health |
Schizophrenia may effect the most basic functions that give people a feeling of individuality, uniqueness and self-direction. Our reality boundary may be effected. We may hallucinate. We may develop feelings of bewilderment. We may become fearful. We may believe that our deepest thoughts, feelings and acts may be known to, or controlled by others. Signs to watch out for:- Severe Sleeplessness Extreme Withdrawal Restlessness Thoughts of Life not worth living. Irrational Talk Disruption of Normal Routine Treatment for Person:- Physical; Biological; Psychological; Social; Vocational; Spiritual; Cultural; Medical; Occupational; Relaxation; Educational; Family; Care of Person by:- Self; Family; Friends; Society; Social Work; Medical; Nurses Midwives Health Visitors; How is recovery to be protected? How are relapse factors to be noted? How may families help? (Life Style) (Community Services) (CAUSE) |
During an episode of Schizophrenia, your experience and interpretation of the world may be disrupted. You may lose touch with reality:- see things that are not there hear things that are not there taste things that are not there smell things that are not there feel things that are not there act in an unusual way in response to hallucinations act in an unusual way in response to delusions People experiencing Psychosis and Schizophrenia episodes respond to treatment and care. |
Symptoms of Schizophrenia:- Positive Symptoms - 3 main positive symptoms - Feelings of being controlled by outside forces, your thoughts & actions are taken over. - Hearing, Seeing, Smelling, Feeling, Tasting things that are not there. ( Hallucinations) - False Beliefs fixed and out of keeping with others in your culture. ( Delusions) Negative Symptoms ( These may be complicated by side-effects of medication ) - Tiredness all the time - You Cannot Concentrate - You may loose energy - You may loose motivation - Simple things may become impossible for you - Talking to your friends may become a chore - Your eating may get neglected - You may neglect to keep warm Maintaining relationships may become difficult for you Maintaining interest may become difficult for you Maintaining affection in friends and loved ones may become difficult for you The effect of this experience of Psychosis or Schizophrenia is that recovery from the social damage caused by the Negative Symptoms is a barrier to your rehabilitation. Elements of Caring for the Person include:- Medication Management; Stress Vulnerability; Family Work; Information Processing; Coping with symptoms. Mathias, P, & Thompson, T. (2000) Lyttle's Mental Health and Disorder 3rd edition London, Balliere Tindall. |
Schizophrenia the forgotten illness Schizophrenia Society of Saskatchewan Schizophrenia questions and answers nelh nhs uk public access Schizophrenia a handbook for families Schizophrenia fact sheet Schizophrenia patient orientated information Schizophrenia research discussion E-MAIL Schizophrenia - Royal College of Psychiatrists |
Schizophrenia changing minds Psychiatric Times Topic Index Pharmacy Magazine Modules |
Evidence Based Practice Resources - Middlesex University Psychosocial Interventions for Schizophrenia - Effective Health Care Bulletin - PDF File Download for Mentally ill Chemical Abusers |
Defining Severe / Serious Mental Illness - The House of Commons Committee Report (1994) Diagnosis: schizophrenia schizo-affective disorder paranoid psychosis manic-depression major depression Duration: at least one year since the onset of the disorder Disability: sufficiently severe disability to seriously impair functioning or role performance in at least one of the following areas. - occupation - family responsibilities - accommodation House of Commons Select Committee (1994) Better off in the Community? Care of people who are seriously mentally ill. Vol 1 HMSO London. |
Care for the Person with Schizophrenia - Effective Health Care. August 2000. Volume 6. Number 3. ISSN: 0965-0288 Supportive Educational Interventions (Individual Psycho educational Programme) Family - Social - Biological - Pharmacological: Support, Information, Management. Pekkala, E., Merinder, L. (2000) Psycho educational intervention for schizophrenia and other severe mental illness. The Cochrane Review. Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Family Work) Provision of support - Education - Interaction - Lower burden of care. Decrease stress within the family. Education about schizophrenia. Training in problem solving. Collaboration with relatives who care for the person with schizophrenia. Reduce emotional stress. Reduce burden on relatives. Enhance family ability to anticipate problems. Reduce feelings of anger. Reduce experience of guilt. Goal setting for person suffering with schizophrenia. Agreement on limit setting. Agreement on appropriate solitude balanced within family interaction. Opportunity for adaptation in family interaction. Exploration of family expectations for care and support. Forum for healing hostility. Sharing disagreeable ideas. Department of Health (1999) The National Service Framework for Mental Health. - Modern standards and service models. :London. DoH. Skills Training (Life Skills) Promote independent daily living. Money management. Home management. Domestic skills. Personal care. Nicol, M., Robertson, I., Connaughton, J. (2000) Life skills for chronic mental illness Cochrane Review. Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Social Skills) Enhance social performance. Reduce distress. Assessment of interpersonal skills. Communication. Perception. Social cue processing. Give and receive social reinforcement. Build and develop individual elements of social skill into competent social performance. Pilling, S., Orbach, G., Connaughton, J. (2000) Social skills programmes for schizophrenia. The Cochrane Review. Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Vocational Skills) Pre vocational training. Sheltered work. Supported employment. Crowther, R., Bond, G., Huxley, P., Marshall, M. (2000) Vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental disorders. (Protocol) The Cochrane Review. Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. Symptom focused interventions. (Cognitive behavioural therapy) Distress reduction. Examination of distressing belief. Challenge thinking patterns that cause distress. Promotion of reasoning. Look for alternative choices. Improve mental state. Spend time with patient. Jones, C., Cormac, I., Mota. J., Campbell, C. (2000) Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia. The Cochrane Review. Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Cognitive rehabilitation) Retraining - memory, attention, speed of mental processing and mental abstraction, to improve overall mental functioning Spring, B., Ravdin, I., (1992) Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Should we attempt it? Schizophrenia Bulletin. 18: 15 - 20. Hayes, R., McGrath, J. (2000) Cognitive Rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia and related conditions. The Cochrane Review Oxford. Update Software. (Token economy) Improvement in negative symptoms of schizophrenia. McMonagle, T., Sultana, A. (2000) Token economy for schizophrenia. The Cochrane Review. Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. Service Provision (Assertive community treatment) Community based multidisciplinary team. - psychiatrist - sister/charge nurse - staff nurse - social worker - occupational therapist - nursing assistant - community psychiatric nurse - senior house officer - senior registrar - liaison psychiatric nurse - specialist nurse practitioner - general medical practitioner - research nurse - administrator - administrative assistant - transport officer. Small case load. 24 hour cover. Frequent home contact. Multidisciplinary team-work in the community. Low client:staff ratio. Assertive outreach. Medication adherence. Emergency cover. Intensive case management. Bouras, N., Turnell, G., Brough, D., Watson, J. (1986) Model for integration of community psychiatric and primary care. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 36: 62-6. McGraw, J., Bond, G. (1995) Critical ingredients of Assertive Community Treatment: judgements of the experts. Journal of Mental Health Administration 22: 113-25. Marshall, M. Lockwood, A. (2000) Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders. The Cochrane Review. Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Community mental health teams) Nurse - Occupational Therapist - Psychiatrist - Psychologist Bennett, D., Freeman, H. (1991) Principles and Prospects. Pages 1-39. in Community Psychiatry Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Merson, S. Tyrer, P. Onyett, S. (1992) Early intervention in psychiatric emergencies: a controlled clinical trial. The Lancet 339: 1311-4. Tyrer, P., Coid, J. Simmons, S. (2000) Community mental health teams for people with severe mental illness and disordered personality. The Cochrane Review Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Home based care & Initial crisis intervention) 24 hour Mental Health 1st Aid. Querido, A., (1968) The shaping of community mental health care. British Journal of Psychiatry 114: 293-302. Weisman, G. (1989) Crisis Intervention. in Bellack, A, (ed). A clinical guide for the treatment of schizophrenia. New York. Plenum Press. (Acute Day Hospital) Creed, F., Black, D., Anthony, P. (1990) Randomised controlled trial of day patient versus inpatient psychiatric treatment. British Medical Journal 300: 1033-1037. Sledge, W., Tebes, J., Rakfeldt, J. (1996) Day Hospital crisis respite care versus inpatient care. part 1. clinical outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry 153: 1065-1073. Creed, F., Mbaya, P. Lancashire, S, (1997) Cost effectiveness of day and inpatient psychiatric treatment: results of a randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 314: 1381-1385. Almaraz-Serrano, A., Marshall, M. Creed, F. (2000) Day hospitals for people with psychiatric disorders (protocol) The Cochrane Review Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Day Care) Crisis House. Catty, J., Burns, T., Comas, A. (2000) Day centres for severe mental illness. (protocol) The Cochrane Review Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. (Case Management) Co-ordinating services. Case Manager. Assess needs. Develop care plan. Provide care. Audit quality. Maintain contact. Improve social functioning. Improve quality of life. Holloway, F. (1991) Case management for the mentally ill: looking at the evidence. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 37: 2-13. Thornicroft, G. (1991) The concept of case management for long term mental illness. International Review of Psychiatry 3: 125-32. Rossler, W., Loffler, B. Fatkenheuer, A., Riecher-Rossler, A. (2000) Case management for schizophrenic patients at risk of rehospitalisation - a case control study. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience Kanter, J. (1991) Integrating case management and psychiatric hospitalisation. Health & Social Work 16: 34-42. Rossler, W., Loffler, W. Fatkenheuer, B. Reicher-Rossler, A. (1992) Does case management reduce the rehospitalisation rate? Acta Psychiatricia Scandinavia. 86:445-9. Marshall, M. Grey, A., Lockwood, A., Green, R., (2000) Case management for people with severe mental disorders. The Cochrane Review Issue 3. Oxford. Update Software. Ericae Test Locator - Search Resource for Scales |
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